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Japan produced a new king of judo and wrapped up the most successful Olympic campaign in the history of their beloved sport by sweeping2 the men's and women's heavyweight titles with knockouts3.

World open-weight champion Keiji Suzuki4 dumped5 Russian Tamerian Timenov in the men's over-100kg final, restoring Japan's national pride after compatriot and rival Kosei Inoue suffered a shock defeat in a lighter class on Thursday.

World silver medallist Maki Tsukada immobilized6 Sydney Olympic silver medallist Dayma Beltran of Cuba in the women's over-78kg final.

" I was stunned by Kosei's loss," Suzuki said after bringing the premier judo ti-tle back to Japan for the first time in 16 years. " I felt the responsibility to win for him and for Japan. " " It's made me realise that it is difficult to keep on winning and, at the same time, it is possible for first-time challengers like me to win," the 24-year-old said.

He could take over as the icon of Japanese judo from 26-year-old Inoue, who triumphed in Sydney and won the world title three times in a row in the under-100kg light heavyweight before his quarter-final defeat here on Thursday.7

Hitoshi Saito last won the prestigious heavyweight crown for Japan at the 1988 Seoul Games. After Georgian David Khakhaleichvili won the title in 1992, French great David Douillet reigned in Atlanta and Sydney.

Japan finished the week-long competition with a record eight gold medals, against one each for Belarus, China, Georgia, Germany, Greece and South Korea.

Japan's previous best judo title haul was four in Sydney four years ago as well

as at the 1 984 Los Angeles Games when only the men's competition was held8.

After stopping three of four opponents by ippon9 in reaching the final , Suzuki tripped down the Russian, the Sydney Olympic bronze medallist, with a leg throw which stopped the fight 77 seconds into a five-minute final.

He has usually fought in the light-heavyweight division at home in rivalry with Inoue, whom he beat at the Japanese open-weight national championships this year to win a ticket to Athens. He has boosted his weight to about 1 10kg. " I had been worried that I might get hurt fighting in a class which is not originally mine. Indeed, I sprained my fingers and my body hurt but I forgot about them as I fought on," said the 1 .84m judoka.

"In judo, the strongest survive in whatever division you are in. I have gained confidence through my victory," Suzuki said.

In the women's final , Beltran threw down Tsukada in the second minute for a half point and continued an attempt to pin her down10.

But 22 -year-old Tsukada turned the tables on" the Cuban and immobilized her for 25 seconds to win her first global title.

Beltran beat world champion and 1996 Atlanta Olympic gold medallist Sun Fuming12 in the semi-finals, denying China a fourth straight heayweight title since the women's game made its official Olympic debut in 1992.

Sun fought through a consolation repechage round to claim a bronze. The other women's bronze went to Russian Tea Oonguzashvili.

Dennis van Der Geest of the Netherlands and Estonia's Indrek Pertelson won the men's bronze medals.

Then Moses answered , "But suppose they do not believe me or listen to me, but say, 'The LORD did not appear to you. ' " 2The LORD said to him , "What is that in your hand?" He said, "A staff. " 3 And he said, "Throw it on the ground. " So he threw the staff on the ground, and it became a snake; and Moses drew back from it. 4Then the LORD said to Moses, "Reach out your hand, and seize it by the tail" — so he reached out his hand and grasped it , and it be-came a staff in his hand — 5 "so that they may believe that the LORD, the God of their ancestors, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has appeared to you. "

Again, the LORD said to him, "Put your hand inside your cloak. " He put his hand into his cloak ; and when he took it out, his hand was leprous, as white as snow. ?Then God said, "Put your hand back into your cloak" — so he put his hand back into his cloak, and when he took it out, it was restored like the rest of his body — 8"If they will not believe you or heed the first sign, they may believe the second sigh. 9lf

they will not believe even these two signs or heed you, you shall take some water from the Nile and pour it on the dry ground; and the water that you shall take from the Nile will become blood on the dry ground. "

But Moses said to the LORD, "O my Lord, I have never been eloquent, neither in the past nor even now that you have spoken to your servant; but I am slow of speech and slow of tongue. " Then the LORD said to him,"Who gives speech to mortals? Who makes them mute or deaf, seeing or blind? Is it not I, the LORD? Now go, and I will be with your mouth and teach you what you are to speak. " But he said, "O my Lord, please send someone else. " l4Then the anger of the LORD was kindled against Moses and he said, "What of your brother Aaron, the Levite? I know that he can speak fluently; even now he is coming out to meet you, and when he sees you his heart will be glad. 15You shall speak to him and put the words in his mouth; and I will be with your mouth and with his mouth, and will teach you what you shall do. 16He indeed shall speak for you to the people; he shall serve as a mouth for you®, and you shall serve as God for him. Take in your hand this staff, with which you shall perform the signs. "

Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations . Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.

While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman'. Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck. All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.

Why are attractive woman not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the "masculine "qualities required.

This is true even in politics, "When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently, "says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again in the order they would vote for them.

The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.

To resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into a single outcome. The two parties may choose to focus their attention on one or more of three basic factors. They may seek to (1) reconcile their interests, (2) determine who is right, and/or (3) determine who is more powerful.

Section A

Interests are needs, desires, concerns, fears - the things one cares about or wants. They provide the foundation for a person's or an organization's position in a dispute. In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict . For example, the director of sales for an electronics company gets into a dispute with the director of manufacturing over the number of TV models to produce. The director of sales wants to produce more models because her interest is in selling TV sets; more models mean more choice for consumers and hence increased sales. The director of manufacturing, however, wants to produce fewer models. His interest is in decreasing manufacturing costs and more models mean higher costs.

Section B

Reconciling such interests is not easy. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions, and making trade - offs and compromises where interests are opposed. The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation, the act of communication intended to reach agreement. Another interests - based procedure is mediation, in which a third party assists the disputants, the two sides in the dispute, in reaching agreement.

Section C

By no means do all negotiations (or mediations) focus on reconciling interests. Some negotiations focus on determining who is right, such as when two lawyers argue about whose case has the greater merit. Other negotiations focus on determining who is more powerful, such as when quarrelling neighbours or nations exchange threats and counter threats. Often negotiations involve a mix of all three—some attempts to satisfy interests, some discussion of rights, and some references to relative power.

Section D

It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute. Although it is usually straight forward where rights are formalized in law, other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behaviour, such as reciprocity, precedent, equality, and seniority-

There are often different and sometimes contradictory standards that apply to rights.

Reaching agreement on rights, where the outcome will determine who gets what, can often be so difficult that the parties frequently turn to a third party to determine who is right. The most typical rights procedure is adjudication, in which disputants present evidence and arguments to a neutral third party who has the power to make a decision that must be followed by both disputants. (In mediation, by contrast, the third party does not have the power to decide the dispute). Public adjudication is provided by courts and administrative agencies. Private adjudication is provided by arbitrators.

Section E

A third way to resolve a dispute is on the basis of power. We define power, somewhat narrowly, as the ability to pressure someone to do something he would not otherwise do. Exercising power typically means imposing costs on the other side or threatening to do so. The exercise of power takes two common forms; acts of aggression, such as physical attack, and withholding the benefits that derive from a relationship, as when employees stop working in a strike.

No government official or corporate trainer has discovered a satisfactory strategy for turning high-school

ropouts into skilled operators of industrial robots. Middle-aged workers whose companies are destroyed by global competition can' t be retrained as readily as factories can be reequipped. and investing, be it in people or machinery, doesn' t go far without money.

Even if the government were well supplied with money, Bill Clinton would be hard ressed to reap big dividends from his invest-in-people plans. But now his plans for building a ighly skilled labor force face especially rough going. Great and ever increasing deficits ireaten Clinton' s hopes of spending $ 2 billion a year to turn the nation' s tiny training ef-rts into vastly expanded programs serving almost all non-college-bound youth. Political and ;onomic realities already have pushed other campaign promises off the table. A plan to re-lire large and midsize companies to spend 1. 5 percent of their payrolls on worker training is been all but abandoned for the present—partly out of fears that the costs could keep firms from creating jobs.

In fact, just when the U. S. economy most needs the "work force investment" that Cli ton approves, he may be least able to carry it off. The nation' s 10 million to 40 million di advantaged workers need more help than ever getting onto the job ladder, but many public j< training programs are either underfunded or ineffective. The defence cutback and the North j merican Free Trade Agreement could put hundreds of Americans out of work; retraining mai of these workers could cost an additional $ 3 billion or more a year. Meanwhile, the growth high-technology industries requires workers skilled in fields like statistical process control-yet as much as 20 percent of the labor force is functionally illiterate. Given obstacles, tl question isn' t whether Clinton can succeed in building a skilled U. S. work force but wheth he can make much progress at all.

Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word o-bey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak , many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.

Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight , distress , sociability , and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby ' s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.

Every culture has its own unwritten list of behavior that is acceptable. Every society also has its taboos, or types of behavior that are considered a violation of good manners.1 If you travel to another country, on business or vacation, it is helpful to learn some of that country's customs so that you don't insult the local people.

The word taboo comes from the Tongan2 language and is used in modern English to describe verbal3 and nonverbal behavior that is forbidden or to be avoided. In spite of what some may think, taboos are not universal;4 they tend to be specific to a culture or country, and usually form around a group's values and beliefs. Therefore, what is considered acceptable behavior in one country may be a serious taboo in another.

Verbal taboos usually involve topics that people believe are too private to talk about publicly, or relate to one's manner of speaking. In many cultures, for example, it is considered bad manners and is often offensive to discuss subjects such as sex or religion in public. In some countries, the volume of one's voice may offend people. In Japan, for example, people tend to be more soft-spoken, and might think that someone who is speaking or laughing loudly is rude or aggressive.

Nonverbal taboos usually relate to body language. For example, one of the biggest differences among many Western, Asian, and African cultures is the use of eye contact. In the U.S., people make eye contact5 when they talk to others. If a person avoids eye contact, others might think they are being dishonest or that they lack confidence.6 If two people are having a xmversation and the listener is not making eye contact, the speaker may hink that the listener is not interested. In many Asian cultures, however, naking direct eye contact with someone is often considered bold or iggressive. In many African cultures, making direct eye contact with an )lder person or a person of higher social rank or status is considered rude ind disrespectful. In many Asian and African cultures, children are taught to ower their eyes when talking to their elders, or those of higher rank, as a vay to show respect.

Certain actions, especially with the hands and feet, can cause offense in nany cultures. In Thailand, as in most other Buddhist cultures in Asia, touching a person on the head is considered very insulting because the head > the highest, and therefore considered the most important, part of the ody. As the feet are the lowest, pointing at someone with one of your feet, r showing the soles of your feet to someone, is considered insulting in lany Asian countries.

The concept of "environment" is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa.

In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as " cultural" , which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.

The rise of multinational corporations, global marketing, new communications technologies , and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR.

Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, the U. S. leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries. Ten years ago, for example,

the world's top five public relations agencies were American-owned. In 1991, only one was. The British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate planning activities, compared to about one-third of U. S. companies. It may not be long before London replaces New York as the capital of PR.

Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts in knowing a second language. Less than 5 percent of Burson-Marshall's U. S. employees know two languages. Ogilvy and Mather has about the same percentage. Conversely, some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language. Finally, people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs. In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read the Wall Street Journal. Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and The Economist, publications not often read in this country.

Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN ( Cable News Network). Turner recently announced that the word "foreign" would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts. According to Turner, global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such things as foreign.

Although her doctors had performed numerous tests, they could not discover what was killing her. In desperation, a student friend posted an SOS describing her symptoms to several medical bulletin boards and mailing lists on the Internet. Around the world, doctors who regularly checked these electronic bulletin boards and lists responded immediately.

In Washington D. C. , Dr. John Aldis, a physician with the US Department of State, saw the message from China. He had recently served in Beijing; he knew the woman's doctors. Using the Internet, he forwarded the message to colleagues in America. Soon an international contingent of doctors joined the e-mail discussion. A consensus emerged—the woman might have been poisoned with thallium, a metal resembling lead. A Beijing laboratory confirmed this diagnosis—the thallium concentration in her body was as much as 1 000 times normal. More e-mail communication followed, as treatment was suggested and then adjusted. The woman slowly began to recover. Well over a year later, the international medical community was still keeping track on her condition through the electronic medium that saved her life.

This story underscores society's increasing reliance on a system of global communication that can link you equally easily with someone in the next town or halfway around the world. People in all walks of life use the telephone system every day to solve a problem or make a date or transfer money or hire an employee. They can do these things by making telephone calls from stationary telephones or from handheld mobile telephones, by sending faxes, or by using computers and dialing into the Internet.

The expanded telephone-line capacity that has allowed the growth of these forms of communication is a recent phenomenon. The United States has enjoyed domestic telephone service for more than a century, but overseas telephone calls were difficult until relatively recently. For a number of years after World War calls to Europe or Asia relied on shortwave radio signals, the electrically active layer of the atmosphere that lies between 50 and 250 miles above the earth's surface. It sometimes took an operator hours to set up a 3-minute call.

In 1956, the first transatlantic copper wire cable allowed simultaneous transmission of 36 telephone conversations. Other cables followed; by the early 1960s, overseas telephone calls had reached 5 million per year. Then came satellite communication in the middle 1960s, and by 1980, the telephone system carried some 200 million overseas calls per year. But as demands on the telecommunication system continued to increase, the limitations of current technology became glaringly apparent.